Google released an updated algorithm to determine the ads that are displayed in the top ad spot, above the organic search results.
The updated algorithm will continue to use the quality and cost-per-click (CPC) figure but will be slightly tweaked for that top ad position. Instead of using the actual CPC, Google will use the advertiser’s maximum CPC in the overall equation. In addition, Google will be applying a stricter threshold on the quality component for the top ad positions.
Nick Fox, Product Manager of Ad Quality at Google, told me that this will help produce better quality ads in the top ad position because they are adding that stricter threshold for those ads. Plus, this will give advertisers more control over obtaining a top ad spot.
Google uses a quality score plus CPC model to rank all their ads. In the past, to achieve a top slotted ad position, you would need to meet a certain overall threshold in both quality and CPC price. Google, as stated above, is changing that algorithm to be more sensitive of the quality component, while also adjusting the figure used to determine your CPC. Now, Google uses the "actual" CPC, but in the upcoming weeks Google will use the "maximum" CPC.
What is the difference between actual CPC and maximum CPC? Every advertiser has to set a maximum CPC for their keywords. But an advertiser won’t necessarily pay the maximum CPC price when their ad is clicked on. In fact, most of the time advertisers won’t pay that amount. Instead, they will pay an actual CPC, which is lower than their maximum CPC.
For example, say I have an ad with a maximum CPC of $0.50, but there are no competitors in my keyword ad space. In that case, I will probably pay an actual CPC of $0.05 and not the $0.50, since I’m not competing against anyone.
In the past, Google used the actual CPC in the ranking algorithm for the top ad position. In the future, Google will be using that maximum CPC. As you can see, this gives advertiser more control on achieving that top ad position. Back to our example above. This advertiser who has been noticing a $0.05 actual CPC, will now be credited for his maximum CPC of $0.50 and will thus have an easier chance at obtaining the top ad spot.
Can advertisers abuse this? Possibly, but with the stricter quality threshold, it will be less likely. It is important to note that Google said while the current algorithm weighs both quality and CPC somewhat equally, the new algorithm for the top ad position will weigh quality substantially more heavily then they have in the past NOTE: Google has followed up now to say that quality is weighted more heavily now and in the new system, the combined threshold of quality and CPC will be higher. We're double-checking further on this,. Google is implementing this new algorithm change so that those top ads will have a higher quality, so I suspect their tests proved to yield a high quality outcome. So who will be impacted by this change? Well, right off the bat, those who have top ad positions for their ads will see a lot more competition in those areas. However, Nick Fox told me that there will be a "relatively limited" number of advertisers impacted by this change.
Three important Link Building Strategies to improve Rankings of a Website
Inviting many other niche websites to get linked with your site is comprehended by search engines as a sort of validation of the value or credibility of your website and the larger the website that is linked to yours the more your search engine ranks is likely to get boosted.
Let’s understand the best ways to build back links to increase both your search engine rank and your traffic.
Social Bookmarking: Submitting any content to social bookmarking websites exposes your content to the entire membership family of that particular website and when you think about how popular bookmarking websites are it is easy to imagine the size of their membership enrollment. Generally users consider about what you have posted is going to generate interest for many other users and they might find it interesting. Therefore share it with others and the potential of developing numerous back links to these websites makes this method very effective means for building incoming links back to your own website.
Marketing through forums: Visiting your niche forums and taking part in their group discussion topics serves many users for you and here not only you are bound to pick up useful information but while leaving comments you also can leave a link to your website in your signature file by this way you have created an opportunity for many to not only visit but also to link with your web site. Usually this technique is fairly alike to bookmarking websites except that the traffic at forums is much more targeted for your needs.
Article writing and submission: You should get understanding of article writing and should submit articles to online directories for circulation on the internet because this method not only gives you tremendous exposure but also it creates back links from some of the highest ranking websites on the internet. By simply placing a link to your own website within your resource box this will help once your article has been published then you can have a link with the article directory site.
Improving your website’s rankings in the eye of Google is one of the most fundamentally sound strategies that you can implement when working online and positioning your website to receive as much free traffic as possible can be the achieved by increasing your search engine ranks. One of the most effective ways to do this is by developing as many back links as you can with other websites online and use these techniques that discussed here because they are great at building links but it must be noted that these techniques will require a continuous effort to get the best results. However the efforts that you invest in building links will be paid back in the form of increased search engine ranks and the traffic you receive.
Saturday, May 1, 2010
Top Ad Position On Google?
Starting A Home Business – A Few Pointers
The following is a list of just a few things to look for in a home based business opportunity.
Stability - With so many scams out there, one thing to look for is a stable opportunity.
What I mean is this: Look for a business that has been around for a while. I’m not saying that there aren’t new opportunities that are not worthwhile but I always like to know the business has been successful. Also, a stable company will usually let you join for free so that you can take a more detailed look at it before you invest your time and money into it.
Product : What product(s) will you be offering to others? Is it something that most people need, use, or would want? More importantly, is it something you need, would use, or want? It is impossible to market a product that you don’t use, because if you don’t use it, how can you convince anybody else to use it? Also, keep in mind that most times, you will be selling the opportunity as well, so you need to be convinced that it works before you can convince others.
Investment : How much does it cost to join this opportunity? How much is it going to cost to market your product? How does the compensation plan work? How long does it usually take before I at least break even? Compare what you will be spending to the money making potential of the business.
Training : So, you find a stable company with a product and opportunity you really like. The next step is to make sure you will get the training you need to get the word out that you have that product and opportunity. Nothing is more discouraging than having something to sell, a business to promote, something that will benefit others, and not know how to advertise it. Make sure your business gives you ideas on how to market your product. It’s even better if they show you how to do it. Look for ways to get people to join you while your business is growing, like Guaranteed Sign-ups, or an advertising co-op.
Up-line : This goes along with the training you will get from your business. Can you get in contact with others in the business that have been successful? It’s nice to know the path others have taken to become successful in your business. They can give you helpful ideas and they can help you avoid some of the pitfalls they have encountered. It is really nice if the opportunity has a chat room or message board so that you can get ideas on how to start, how to promote and advertise, and how to respond to others as they join your business.
Potential : All the above leads to this last quality I look for in a home based business. How great of a potential is there to make money in the business? After all, that is the bottom line, isn’t it, to make money?Your Gut Feeling : Don’t forget your most important tool-your common sense. If something doesn’t seem right, you need to back away until you get all your questions answered. First and foremost, you have to believe in the opportunity and what it offers before you can sell it to others. Make sure to get a handle on what is going on before you commit to it. Once you make that commitment, give yourself some time before you decide it won’t work.
Obviously, there are other things that you can look for. These are just some basic things to look for when trying to find just the right work at home business to place your time and money into. But, I believe if you will use these basics as a starting point, you will be in good shape on making a decision.
7 Top Home Business Time Wasters
What I call "Time Wasters" is any action interfering with running your home based business.
1. Email.Email is without a doubt a very important factor in operating your Online business. After you've mastered sending and receiving email, there's no limit to the people or organizations you can reach at the press of the send button. There is a downside to the marvelous convenience of email. Think of all the time the average business person spends checking email accounts. You could easily waste half your work day on email. To the rescue e-prompter. This free software is easy to use and it will check several email accounts while you surf or work on other business matters.
2. Pop Ups.Are you bombarded with pop ups at every turn on the Internet? Pop ups will slow down your surfing and it's down right frustrating trying to get rid of these annoying unwanted ads. As you know, Internet Explorer is not packaged with a good pop up blocker. So you will definitely need to download one if you plan to surf the Internet regularly.
To the rescue Google Toolbar! The google tool bar has a great and free anti pop up weapon.
3. Surfing.How often do you plan to check a website resource, and click unrelated links.Fight mindless surfing!
Remember your goal. Ignore links that detract from your objective. If you are looking for information on the latest "Computer Virus Hoax" why are you visiting music sites or downloading screen savers?
4. Forgetting To Write Down Your Objectives.
Open Notepad or write what you plan to do on a sticky note. And check off the goals as you accomplish them. This listing method works great if you overloaded with too many task.
5. Time Limits
Learn To Set a time limit! This will force you to focus on accomplishing your objective within the designated time frame. For example, limit yourself to 30 minutes checking email, or 1 hour researching a topic.
6. Telephone/Television Distractions.
Unplug your telephone. Turn off that television. The telephone is a big time waster. Ignore urges to check your voice mail or answering machine for messages every few minutes. Only return important calls.
No more soaps! That's right! While you are working tape your favorite programs. Watch them after business hours.
7. Family Distractions
Make your home office "Off Limit" during work hours. Tell family members to handle any minor problems while you are at your computer. Close the door to your office.
Stability - With so many scams out there, one thing to look for is a stable opportunity.
What I mean is this: Look for a business that has been around for a while. I’m not saying that there aren’t new opportunities that are not worthwhile but I always like to know the business has been successful. Also, a stable company will usually let you join for free so that you can take a more detailed look at it before you invest your time and money into it.
Product : What product(s) will you be offering to others? Is it something that most people need, use, or would want? More importantly, is it something you need, would use, or want? It is impossible to market a product that you don’t use, because if you don’t use it, how can you convince anybody else to use it? Also, keep in mind that most times, you will be selling the opportunity as well, so you need to be convinced that it works before you can convince others.
Investment : How much does it cost to join this opportunity? How much is it going to cost to market your product? How does the compensation plan work? How long does it usually take before I at least break even? Compare what you will be spending to the money making potential of the business.
Training : So, you find a stable company with a product and opportunity you really like. The next step is to make sure you will get the training you need to get the word out that you have that product and opportunity. Nothing is more discouraging than having something to sell, a business to promote, something that will benefit others, and not know how to advertise it. Make sure your business gives you ideas on how to market your product. It’s even better if they show you how to do it. Look for ways to get people to join you while your business is growing, like Guaranteed Sign-ups, or an advertising co-op.
Up-line : This goes along with the training you will get from your business. Can you get in contact with others in the business that have been successful? It’s nice to know the path others have taken to become successful in your business. They can give you helpful ideas and they can help you avoid some of the pitfalls they have encountered. It is really nice if the opportunity has a chat room or message board so that you can get ideas on how to start, how to promote and advertise, and how to respond to others as they join your business.
Potential : All the above leads to this last quality I look for in a home based business. How great of a potential is there to make money in the business? After all, that is the bottom line, isn’t it, to make money?Your Gut Feeling : Don’t forget your most important tool-your common sense. If something doesn’t seem right, you need to back away until you get all your questions answered. First and foremost, you have to believe in the opportunity and what it offers before you can sell it to others. Make sure to get a handle on what is going on before you commit to it. Once you make that commitment, give yourself some time before you decide it won’t work.
Obviously, there are other things that you can look for. These are just some basic things to look for when trying to find just the right work at home business to place your time and money into. But, I believe if you will use these basics as a starting point, you will be in good shape on making a decision.
7 Top Home Business Time Wasters
What I call "Time Wasters" is any action interfering with running your home based business.
1. Email.Email is without a doubt a very important factor in operating your Online business. After you've mastered sending and receiving email, there's no limit to the people or organizations you can reach at the press of the send button. There is a downside to the marvelous convenience of email. Think of all the time the average business person spends checking email accounts. You could easily waste half your work day on email. To the rescue e-prompter. This free software is easy to use and it will check several email accounts while you surf or work on other business matters.
2. Pop Ups.Are you bombarded with pop ups at every turn on the Internet? Pop ups will slow down your surfing and it's down right frustrating trying to get rid of these annoying unwanted ads. As you know, Internet Explorer is not packaged with a good pop up blocker. So you will definitely need to download one if you plan to surf the Internet regularly.
To the rescue Google Toolbar! The google tool bar has a great and free anti pop up weapon.
3. Surfing.How often do you plan to check a website resource, and click unrelated links.Fight mindless surfing!
Remember your goal. Ignore links that detract from your objective. If you are looking for information on the latest "Computer Virus Hoax" why are you visiting music sites or downloading screen savers?
4. Forgetting To Write Down Your Objectives.
Open Notepad or write what you plan to do on a sticky note. And check off the goals as you accomplish them. This listing method works great if you overloaded with too many task.
5. Time Limits
Learn To Set a time limit! This will force you to focus on accomplishing your objective within the designated time frame. For example, limit yourself to 30 minutes checking email, or 1 hour researching a topic.
6. Telephone/Television Distractions.
Unplug your telephone. Turn off that television. The telephone is a big time waster. Ignore urges to check your voice mail or answering machine for messages every few minutes. Only return important calls.
No more soaps! That's right! While you are working tape your favorite programs. Watch them after business hours.
7. Family Distractions
Make your home office "Off Limit" during work hours. Tell family members to handle any minor problems while you are at your computer. Close the door to your office.
Tips Working From Home
Top 30 Tips for Staying Productive and Sane While Working From Home
Those of you who know the joys of working from home, whether you’re self-employed or freelancing or telecommuting, know also the joys of procrastination and the lures of laying on the couch.
Now, I’m as much in favor of a good nap as the next guy, but a nap should be a break, not your default work mode.
On the other hand, working from home tends to blur the boundaries between work and personal life — if you work too hard, you will have no personal life left.
A few caveats, before you dive into the list: Again, these are from the readers, so you guys deserve all the credit. Second, I edited them, so any typos are my fault. Third, this is a compilation list, meaning that some tips may seem contradictory — that’s because the best way to use this list is to find the ideas that work for you, and give them a try. If they don’t work, come back to the list and find a few more ideas. Don’t try to implement them all, and certainly not all at once.
1. Define your spaces; separate work from home. Have a room dedicated to working. Don’t do it wherever you happen to be. Set aside some space, preferably a room (it doesn’t have to be big) to be your workspace. That way, when you enter it, you know consciously what you’re there to do: go to work. It changes the state of mind from "I’m at home" to "I’m at work".
2. Set regular hours, and stick to the schedule.
3. Don’t stay unshaved in pajamas. Instead, have breakfast, have a shower, get dressed. Then make a list of sensible tasks for the day and get started.
4. Close the door. It’ll be very easy to leave the door to whatever room or space you set apart to be your workplace open. Don’t do it. If the door is open, that represents something to you, and to your family. To you, it represents the idea that if it’s a bit tough, or you don’t feel like working today, you don’t have to. To your family, it represents the idea that Dad is around, and I can go and talk to him.
5. Keep your desk and general work area tidy. A tidy workspace helps keep a tidy mind, which helps make your day more productive.
6. Turn off the telephone when you need to work without distraction. Turn off IM and email notifications too. In fact, if possible, shut off the Internet.
7. Don’t stop working if it’s a hard day. There’ll be times when you haven’t got any ideas, or just don’t feel productive. Train yourself to do some work anyway. It’s a short fall from "It’s just not happening at the moment" to "It’s a bit tough, I’ll stop for the day". Next thing you know, you never seem to get anything done.
8. Keep three lists of three. The first list has three things you will do today. The second is three things you’d like to get done, but aren’t essential. The third is three things that need to be done at some point. That way, when you’ve trogged through your days work, you don’t end up sitting twiddling your thumbs.9. Start the day properly. Have a good breakfast, spend some time alone to just sit and do whatever. Relax, let your mind wander. Pray. Just make sure that your mind isn’t in the "I hate working" frame of mind.
10. Have a good chair. Mesh backed ones, or good comfy leather perhaps. It’s worth spending some money on.11. Keep a notepad and pencil nearby. Jot down ideas for blog posts, projects, anything that springs to mind. Then have a pinboard to stick them on. Look at it twice a week to refresh your mind of things that could be done sometime. Some of the best work you’ll ever do will come from random bits of inspiration.
12. Give yourself breaks. Don’t be locked in the room all the time. For every hour you work, have a 15-30 minute break. Give your mind time to digest what it’s just done, then come back. You’ll improve the quality of what you produce a hundredfold.
13. Don’t go back to work when you’ve finished. Had a great idea for a post? Fantastic, write down the basics on a note, and pin it up. Don’t go back to work when you’ve finished.
14. Schedule, if possible, around your natural schedule. Some people peak in the morning, others in the afternoon, still others at the witching hour.
15. Have a pint of water by your desk all the time. Try and work up to drinking a few pints a day, if you don’t already.
16. Be careful what music you listen to while you work. Music, TV, the weather… Just about everything will influence your mood. Some you can’t change, some you can. Make sure that you surround yourself with things that will give you the best frame of mind for whatever you’re about to do.
17. No turning on the computer for a quick email check or to do 1 little thing until you’ve gotten "ready for work" as mentioned above. The nuance is if you have nowhere to be, that 1 little thing leads to showering at 2 in the afternoon with a splitting headache because you’ve forgotten to eat etc.
18. Know when to stop. Don’t work late into the night. Set defined times when you’re going to work, and then when it passes, stop. You can have a bit of leeway here, but make sure that you don’t end up letting work run your life.
"Take rest; a field that has rested gives a bountiful crop." - Ovid
19. Don’t work an eight hour day. One reader works about 5 hours, in four blocks of an hour, with a 20 minute gap between each. If you do more than that, your attention might start to wander, you’ll be restless and your work won’t have it’s normal level of quality.
20. Designate certain days for certain work. For example: file everything on Friday afternoon, no later than Saturday morning. This allows you to walk out of your office for your "weekend" without feeling like you left work unfinished.
21. Set boundaries for those around you as well. Schedule your work time and make sure the kids and spouse know that you are unavailable for playing, chores, etc. during this time.
22. Sound Canceling Headphones. Seriously useful if you have a 3-year-old.
23. Pay attention and crunch numbers with your accounts regularly. You are less inclined to watch television when you realise how much it can cost you to mess around. Put a reminder that "work NOT done = no money".
24. Have a good lunch. One readers suggested that something with good carb content works best. Puts you in the mood for the second half of the day.
25. Track your time. One reader suggested a simple program called time log . You enter what you’ve done when you’ve completed it. It’s very simple and stays out of your way. At the end of the day, week, you can see a summary. It also allows you to break out work time vs. fun time in a simple manner.
26. Set online times. You don’t always need to be accessible for chit chat. This may be more applicable to telecommuters than the self-employed.
27. Don’t allow work to consume your life. Easier said than done when working from home. Make sure you set limits for the amount of time you will work.
28. Make time for people. When people ask, give them what you can. Respond in some way to every email. It doesn’t matter how long it takes you to get around to it. You don’t have to reply that day. Just make sure you do. It matters.
29. Say thank you a lot. Figure out who the people who have helped you and your blog (or your business) the most. If you’re a blogger, that’s the readers, not the people who gave you mentions on their big blogs. The people who have given their time and energy to helping you get where you are. You owe your life from this point on to them. Make sure they know you’re greatful.
30. Be grateful you’re working from home and not in some cubicle! That gratitude will motivate you to work harder, so you can continue to work from home.
Work at home
There are many systems one can utilize to work in order to work from home and it could be online or offline. You can either work for a company or be self employed. In other words work for yourself or you can work for other people. It depends on your decision. Of the two different ways one may be a better option depending upon individual personalities and goals. For example, if you are looking for a good career, then it will be better to work with a company. There are two simple and well known methods for working from home. The first way is sales representative and the second is telemarketer. There are some companies who are hiring people to work from home for sales calls and giving them additional benefits. You can do customer service from home if you are not interested in the positions suggested above. Usually in customer service you will earn less, but you may find it is really interesting and enjoyable. Every company has their own unique ways of doing business and as a result their methods are also different. There are some companies today which provide more options such as choosing your own schedule. Other companies may let you decide how much you work but they decide which hours. If you are concerned about working for other people then you can try freelancing or contracting. This way you can get work for various businesses on a contract basis. You have to enter bids on the jobs through some of the different freelancing sites available and the payment will be sent once the work is completed or in some cases, you will get advance payment. If you are really enjoy writing or any other online work then free lancing may be the best job. There are also other projects available in areas such as programming. For these types of projects you have to know about PHP, HTML, CSS or even website scripts. If the customers like the quality of your work or the information which you provide, you can get additional work on an ongoing basis. One thing to note is that much of the work being posted online require rapid responses and impose quick deadlines. For an online home based business, having your own website is quite helpful. This adds the impact to an online business. Through your website, you can promote your work and gain clients. A web site can also be useful in writing blogs and reviews. The last and the best way to "work from home", is by working online which is also working for yourself. If you are really interested in beginning your own online e-commerce business then internet marketing may be the best way forward that can be a positive experience. For this you have to own a website, then do affiliate marketing or sell a service. This idea is the best option for any of the freelance work that you are going to do. So these are the basic options for working from home which you may enjoy and can earn real money.
How make money using Adsense
Making money is what everyone in this world want to do. There are loads of campaigns which pop up in the internet when you visit some websites. Lots of services which are online promise lucrative deals for making money. If you look at these services closely most of such services are bogus campaigns, scams which are fraudulent and are solely cheating people. For example there are campaigns which say they can offer lucrative deals and to avail that offer they demand a deposit. Once people transfer that amount as a deposit they get no response there by fooling them. Having said that there are some genuinely legitimate services or companies which pay well for the work you do for them. Google Adsense is one of those programs which give you a proper and a legitimate platform for making money. Through Adsense you will be able to insert ads on your on to your website. Once somebody clicks on that advertisement you will be making money, Google will pay you and it will share the part of revenue received with you. Before you sign up in to Google’s adsense program or even to use adsense tools the first thing you must to is to create a website. The website can be created after a domain name is created and also affiliating it with web hosting service. In case if you intend creating a website or creating a blog and then connect the website with domain name which is free.Creating a website is the first basic thing which has to be done before signing up to adsense. After signing up in to it, you can get access to adsense tool and then you can use those tools. These tools will help you in making money with adsense. It is a very easy and elementary process to sign up in to adsense. You would have to fill in some basic data which will hardly take a few minutes of your time. After the signing up processGoogle will conduct a complete analysis on the website you have. If you are the owner of the website the chances are that you would be approved for the adsense certificate or otherwise known as absenes. Once you have an account you are now all set and ready for making money through your website. For adding advertisements on to your website all have to do is to go to your account and Google will help you in guiding. Ensure the as in good locations which are strategic. You should avoid placing ads on places in your websites which would irritate the users. The ads should be strategically placed in locations where people will notice and click it there by increasing the adsense click through rate. General best practice is to place the ads on either the left or right hand pages of the website. Here you make sure that your web pages are not over populated with ads will irritate the user and rather than making money you will drive all the users away. Making money is important but that should not be the only focus, you must have a long term plan of building brand value.
Indian Cinima History
In the 20th century, Indian cinema, along with the American and Chinese film industries, became a global enterprise. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgradation from established cinematic norms of delivering product, radically altering the manner in which content reached the target audience. Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The country also participated in international film festivals exspecially satyajith ray(bengali),Adoor Gopal krishnan,Shaji n karun(malayalam) . Indian filmmakers such as Shekhar Kapur, Mira Nair, Deepa Mehta etc. found success overseas. The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe.India is the world's largest producer of films, producing close to a thousand films annually. About 600 of the total films produced are in Telugu and Hindi, approximately 300 each, while the remaining are in other languages. However, Hindi films account for about half of the total revenue generated by cinema in India.The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, and Warner Bros. Prominent Indian enterprises such as Zee, UTV and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films. Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, making the commercial presence of the medium felt.The Indian diaspora constitutes of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through mediums such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible. These earnings, accounting for some 12% of the revenue generated by a mainstream film, contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema, the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion US Dollars in 2000. Facilities for film production in the country include Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad, the home of Telugu film industry, the largest film studio complex in the world as certified by Guinness World Records. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator, with the music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India. India makes first movie in 1913.Today bollywood become the most movie making industry in the world.HistoryA scene from Raja Harishchandra (1913) – The first full-length motion picture.A scene from the first motion picture of the Assamese film industry, Joymati (1935).Devika Rani and Ashok Kumar in Achhut Kanya (1936).Following the screening of the moving pictures in London (1895) cinema became a sensation across Europe and by July 1896 the films had been in show in Bombay (now Mumbai). The first short films in India were directed by Hiralal Sen, starting with The Flower of Persia (1898). The first full-length motion picture in India was produced by Dadasaheb Phalke, a scholar on India's languages and culture, who brought together elements from Sanskrit epics to produce his Raja Harishchandra (1913), a silent film in Marathi. The first Indian chain of cinema theaters was owned by the Calcutta entrepreneur Jamshedji Framji Madan, who oversaw production of 10 films annually and distributed them throughout the Indian subcontinent.During the early twentieth century cinema as a medium gained popularity across India's population and its many economic sections. Tickets were made affordable to the common man at a low price and for the financially capable additional comforts meant additional admission ticket price. Audiences thronged to cinema halls as this affordable medium of entertainment was available for as low as an anna (4 paisa) in Bombay. The content of Indian commercial cinema was increasingly tailored to appeal to these masses. Young Indian producers began to incorporate elements of India's social life and culture into cinema. Others brought with them ideas from across the world. This was also the time when global audiences and markets became aware of India's film industry.Ardeshir Irani released Alam Ara, the first Indian talking film, on 14 March 1931. Following the inception of 'talkies' in India some film stars were highly sought after and earned comfortable incomes through acting. As sound technology advanced the 1930s saw the rise of music in Indian cinema with musicals such as Indra Sabha and Devi Devyani marking the beginning of song-and-dance in India's films. Studios emerged across major cities such as Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai as film making became an established craft by 1935, exemplified by the success of Devdas, which had managed to enthrall audiences nationwide. Bombay Talkies came up in 1934 and Prabhat Studios in Pune had begun production of films meant for the Marathi language audience. Filmmaker R. S. D. Choudhury produced Wrath(1930), banned by the British Raj in India as it depicted actors as Indian leaders, an expression censored during the days of the Indian independence movement.The Indian Masala film a slang used for commercial films with song, dance, romance etc., came up following the second world war. South Indian cinema gained prominence throughout India with the release of S.S. Vasan's Chandralekha. During the 1940s cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival. The partition of India following its independence divided the nation's assets and a number of studios went to the newly formed Pakistan. The strife of partition would become an enduring subject for film making during the decades that followed.Following independence the cinema of India was inquired by the S.K. Patil Commission. S.K. Patil, head of the commission, viewed cinema in India as a 'combination of art, industry, and showmanship' while noting its commercial value. Patil further recommended setting up of a Film Finance Corporation under the Ministry of Finance. This advice was later taken up in 1960 and the institution came into being to provide financial support to talented filmmakers throughout India. The Indian government had established a Films Division by 1949 which eventually became one of the largest documentary film producers in the world with an annual production of over 200 short documentaries, each released in 18 languages with 9000 prints for permanent film theaters across the country.The Indian Theatre Association , an art movement with a communist inclination, began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s. A number of realistic IPTA plays, such as Bijon Bhattacharya's Nabanna in 1944, prepared the ground for the solidification of realism in Indian cinema, exemplified by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas's Dharti Ke Lal in 1946. The IPTA movement continued to emphasize on reality and went on to produce Mother India and Pyaasa, among of India's most recognizable cinematic productions.Golden Age of Indian Movies : A scene from Ritwik Ghatak's Nagarik (1952), considered Bengali cinema's earliest art film. Wide open eyes, a continual motif in Satyajit Ray's The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959). Guru Dutt in Pyaasa (1957), for which he was the director, producer and leading actor.Following India's independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s are regarded by film historians as the 'Golden Age' of Indian cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Indian films of all time were produced during this period. In commercial Hindi cinema, examples of famous films at the time include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa (1957) and Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959) and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara (1951) and Shree 420 (1955). These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working-class urban life in India; Awaara presented the city as both a nightmare and a dream, while Pyaasa critiqued the unreality of city life, Some of the most famous epic films of Hindi cinema were also produced at the time, including Mehboob Khan's Mother India (1957), which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and K. Asif's Mughal-e-Azam (1960) V. Shantaram's Do Aankhen Barah Haath (1957) is believed to have inspired the Hollywood film The Dirty Dozen (1967). Madhumati (1958), directed by Bimal Roy and written by Ritwik Ghatak, popularized the theme of reincarnation in Western popular culture. Other mainstream Hindi filmmakers at the time included Kamal Amrohi and Vijay Bhatt. While commercial Indian cinema was thriving, the period also saw the emergence of a new Parallel Cinema movement, mainly led by Bengali cinema. Early examples of films in this movement include Chetan Anand's Neecha Nagar (1946), Ritwik Ghatak's Nagarik (1952), and Bimal Roy's Two Acres of Land (1953), laying the foundations for Indian neorealism and the "Indian New Wave". Pather Panchali (1955), the first part of the The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959) by Satyajit Ray, marked his entry in Indian cinema. The Apu Trilogy won major prizes at all the major international film festivals and led to the 'Parallel Cinema' movement being firmly established in Indian cinema. Its influence on world cinema can also be felt in the "youthful coming-of-age dramas that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties" which "owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy". Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak went on to direct many more critically-acclaimed 'art films', and they were followed by other acclaimed Indian independent filmmakers such as Mrinal Sen, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Mani Kaul and Buddhadeb Dasgupta. During the 1960s, Indira Gandhi's intervention during her reign as the Information and Broadcasting Minister of India further led to production of off-beat cinematic expression being supported by the official Film Finance Corporation.The cinematographer Subrata Mitra, who made his debut with Satyajit Ray's The Apu Trilogy, also had an importance influence on cinematography across the world. One of his most important techniques was bounce lighting, to recreate the effect of daylight on sets. He pioneered the technique while filming Aparajito (1956), the second part of The Apu Trilogy.[36] Some of the experimental techniques which Satyajit Ray pioneered include photo-negative flashbacks and X-ray digressions while filming Pratidwandi (1972).[37] Ray's 1967 script for a film to be called The Alien, which was eventually cancelled, is also widely believed to have been the inspiration for Steven Spielberg's E.T. (1982).[38][39][40] Some of Ritwik Ghatak's films also have strong similarities to later famous international films, such as Bari Theke Paliye (1958) resembling François Truffaut's The 400 Blows (1959) and Ajantrik (1958) having elements that resemble Taxi Driver (1976) and the Herbie films (1967–2005).Other regional industries also had their 'Golden Age' during this period. Commercial Tamil cinema experienced a growth in the number of commercially successful films produced. Some of the most famous Tamil film personalities at the time included M. G. Ramachandran, Sivaji Ganesan, M. N. Nambiyar, Asokan and Nagesh.[41] Marathi cinema also ushered in a 'Golden Age' at this time, with some of its directors such as V. Shantaram later playing in instrumental role in mainstream Hindi cinema's 'Golden Age'.[42]Ever since Chetan Anand's social realist film Neecha Nagar won the Grand Prize at the first Cannes Film Festival,[31] Indian films were frequently in competition for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival for nearly every year in the 1950s and early 1960s, with a number of them winning major prizes at the festival. Satyajit Ray also won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for Aparajito (1956), the second part of The Apu Trilogy, and the Golden Bear and two Silver Bears for Best Director at the Berlin International Film Festival.[43] Ray's contemporaries, Ritwik Ghatak and Guru Dutt, were overlooked in their own lifetimes but had belatedly generated international recognition much later in the 1980s and 1990s.[43][44] Ray is regarded as one of the greatest auteurs of 20th century cinema,[45] while Dutt[46] and Ghatak[47] are also among the greatest filmmakers of all time. In 1992, the Sight & Sound Critics' Poll ranked Ray at #7 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time,[48] while Dutt was ranked #73 in the 2002 Sight & Sound greatest directors poll.[46]A number of Indian films from this era are often included among the greatest films of all time in various critics' and directors' polls. A number of Satyajit Ray films appeared in the Sight & Sound Critics' Poll, including The Apu Trilogy (ranked #4 in 1992 if votes are combined),[49] The Music Room (ranked #27 in 1992), Charulata (ranked #41 in 1992)[50] and Days and Nights in the Forest (ranked #81 in 1982).[51] The 2002 Sight & Sound critics' and directors' poll also included the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool (both tied at #160), the Ritwik Ghatak films Meghe Dhaka Tara (ranked #231) and Komal Gandhar (ranked #346), and Raj Kapoor's Awaara, Vijay Bhatt's Baiju Bawra, Mehboob Khan's Mother India and K. Asif's Mughal-e-Azam all tied at #346.[52] In 1998, the critics' poll conducted by the Asian film magazine Cinemaya included The Apu Trilogy (ranked #1 if votes are combined), Ray's Charulata and The Music Room (both tied at #11), and Ghatak's Subarnarekha (also tied at #11).[47] In 1999, The Village Voice top 250 "Best Film of the Century" critics' poll also included The Apu Trilogy (ranked #5 if votes are combined).[53] In 2005, The Apu Trilogy and Pyaasa were also featured in Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies list.[54]Modern Indian cinemaA scene from Adoor Gopalakrishnan's Mathilukal (1989).Some filmmakers such as Shyam Benegal continued to produce realistic Parallel Cinema throughout the 1970s,[55] alongside Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Buddhadeb Dasgupta and Gautam Ghose in Bengali cinema; Adoor Gopalakrishnan, John Abraham and G. Aravindan in Malayalam cinema; and Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani and Vijaya Mehta in Hindi cinema.[26] However, the 'art film' bent of the Film Finance Corporation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976, which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema.[56] The 1970s did, nevertheless, see the rise of commercial cinema in form of enduring films such as Sholay (1975), which solidified Amitabh Bachchan's position as a lead actor.[56] The devotional classic Jai Santoshi Ma was also released in 1975.[56] Another important film from 1975 was Deewar, directed by Yash Chopra and written by Salim-Javed. A crime film pitting "a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler Haji Mastan", portrayed by Amitabh Bachchan, it was described as being "absolutely key to Indian cinema" by Danny Boyle.[57]Commercial cinema further grew throughout the 1980s and the 1990s with the release of films such as Mr India (1987), Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988), Tezaab (1988), Chandni (1989), Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), Baazigar (1993), Darr (1993),[56] Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge (1995) and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), many of which starred Aamir Khan, Salman Khan and Shahrukh Khan.Roja, the village girl played by Madhoo, in Mani Ratnam's Tamil feature film Roja (1992).The 1990s also saw a surge in the national popularity of Tamil cinema as films directed by Mani Ratnam captured India's imagination.[56] Such films included Roja (1992) and Bombay (1995). Ratnam's earlier film Nayagan (1987), starring Kamal Haasan, was included in Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best movies, alongside four earlier Indian films: Satyajit Ray's The Apu Trilogy (1955–1959) and Guru Dutt's Pyaasa (1957).[54] Another Tamil director S. Shankar also made waves through his film Kadhalan, famous for its music and actor Prabhu Deva's dancing. The South Indian film industry not only released cinema with national appeal but also featured multicultural music which found appreciation among the national Indian audience.[58] Some Tamil filmi composers such as A. R. Rahman and Ilaiyaraaja have since acquired a large national, and later international, following. Rahman's debut soundtrack for Roja was included in Time Magazine's "10 Best Soundtracks" of all time,[59] and he would later go on to win two Academy Awards for his international Slumdog Millionaire (2008) soundtrack. Tabarana Kathe, a Kannada film, was screened at various film festivals including Tashkent, Nantes, Tokyo, and the Film Festival of Russia.[60]Long after the Golden Age of Indian cinema, South India's Malayalam cinema of Kerala experienced its own 'Golden Age' in the 1980s and early 1990s. Some of the most acclaimed Indian filmmakers at the time were from the Malayalam industry, including Adoor Gopalakrishnan, G. Aravindan, T. V. Chandran and Shaji N. Karun.[61] Adoor Gopalakrishnan, who is often considered to be Satyajit Ray's spiritual heir,[62] directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period, including Elippathayam (1981) which won the Sutherland Trophy at the London Film Festival, as well as Mathilukal (1989) which won major prizes at the Venice Film Festival.[63] Shaji N. Karun's debut film Piravi (1989) won the Camera d'Or at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival, while his second film Swaham (1994) was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival.[64]Kamal Hassan as Velu Nayakar in Nayagan,was included in Time magazine's "All-TIME" 100 best moviesBhuvan (Aamir Khan) with his cricket team consisting of village-folk, in Ashutosh Gowarikar's Lagaan (2001).In the late 1990s, 'Parallel Cinema' began experiencing a resurgence in Hindi cinema, largely due to the critical and commercial success of Satya (1998), a low-budget film based on the Mumbai underworld, directed by Ram Gopal Varma and written by Anurag Kashyap. The film's success led to the emergence of a distinct genre known as Mumbai noir,[65] urban films reflecting social problems in the city of Mumbai.[66] Later films belonging to the Mumbai noir genre include Madhur Bhandarkar's Chandni Bar (2001) and Traffic Signal (2007), Ram Gopal Varma's Company (2002) and its prequel D (2005), Anurag Kashyap's Black Friday (2004), and Irfan Kamal's Thanks Maa (2009). Other art film directors active today include Mrinal Sen, Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Gautam Ghose, Sandip Ray, Aparna Sen and Rituparno Ghosh in Bengali cinema; Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun and T. V. Chandran in Malayalam cinema; Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani, Shyam Benegal,[26] Mira Nair, Nagesh Kukunoor, Sudhir Mishra and Nandita Das in Hindi cinema; Mani Ratnam and Santosh Sivan in Tamil cinema; and Deepa Mehta, Anant Balani, Homi Adajania, Vijay Singh and Sooni Taraporevala in Indian English cinema.InfluencesPrasads IMAX Theatre houses at Hyderabad, the 2nd largest IMAX-3D in the world (2nd to the world's largest in Sydney, Australia).[67] PVR Cinemas in Bangalore is one of the largest cinema chains in India MG Road Gurgaon, one of the longest commercial streets in AsiaThere have generally been six major influences that have shaped the conventions of Indian popular cinema. The first was the ancient Indian epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana which have exerted a profound influence on the thought and imagination of Indian popular cinema, particularly in its narratives. Examples of this influence include the techniques of a side story, back-story and story within a story. Indian popular films often have plots which branch off into sub-plots; such narrative dispersals can clearly be seen in the 1993 films Khalnayak and Gardish. The second influence was the impact of ancient Sanskrit drama, with its highly stylized nature and emphasis on spectacle, where music, dance and gesture combined "to create a vibrant artistic unit with dance and mime being central to the dramatic experience." Sanskrit dramas were known as natya, derived from the root word nrit (dance), characterizing them as spectacular dance-dramas which has continued in Indian cinema.[68] The Rasa method of performance, dating back to ancient Sanskrit drama, is one of the fundamental features that differentiate Indian cinema from that of the Western world. In the Rasa method, empathetic "emotions are conveyed by the performer and thus felt by the audience," in contrast to the Western Stanislavski method where the actor must become "a living, breathing embodiment of a character" rather than "simply conveying emotion." The rasa method of performance is clearly apparent in the performances of popular Hindi film actors like Amitabh Bachchan and Shahrukh Khan, nationally-acclaimed Hindi films like Rang De Basanti (2006),[69] and internationally-acclaimed Bengali films directed by Satyajit Ray.[70]The third influence was the traditional folk theatre of India, which became popular from around the 10th century with the decline of Sanskrit theatre. These regional traditions include the Yatra of Bengal, the Ramlila of Uttar Pradesh, and the Terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu. The fourth influence was Parsi theatre, which "blended realism and fantasy, music and dance, narrative and spectacle, earthy dialogue and ingenuity of stage presentation, integrating them into a dramatic discourse of melodrama. The Parsi plays contained crude humour, melodious songs and music, sensationalism and dazzling stagecraft."[68] All of these influences are clearly evident in the masala film genre that was popularized by Manmohan Desai's films in the 1970s and early 1980s, particularly in Coolie (1983), and to an extent in more recent critically-acclaimed films such as Rang De Basanti.[69]The fifth influence was Hollywood, where musicals were popular from the 1920s to the 1950s, though Indian filmmakers departed from their Hollywood counterparts in several ways. "For example, the Hollywood musicals had as their plot the world of entertainment itself. Indian filmmakers, while enhancing the elements of fantasy so pervasive in Indian popular films, used song and music as a natural mode of articulation in a given situation in their films. There is a strong Indian tradition of narrating mythology, history, fairy stories and so on through song and dance." In addition, "whereas Hollywood filmmakers strove to conceal the constructed nature of their work so that the realistic narrative was wholly dominant, Indian filmmakers made no attempt to conceal the fact that what was shown on the screen was a creation, an illusion, a fiction. However, they demonstrated how this creation intersected with people's day to day lives in complex and interesting ways."[71] The final influence was Western musical television, particularly MTV, which has had an increasing influence since the 1990s, as can be seen in the pace, camera angles, dance sequences and music of recent Indian films. An early example of this approach was in Mani Ratnam's Bombay (1995).[72]Like mainstream Indian popular cinema, Indian Parallel Cinema was also influenced also by a combination of Indian theatre (particularly Sanskrit drama) and Indian literature (particularly Bengali literature), but differs when it comes to foreign influences, where it is more influenced by European cinema (particularly Italian neorealism and French poetic realism) rather than Hollywood. Satyajit Ray cited Italian filmmaker Vittorio De Sica's Bicycle Thieves (1948) and French filmmaker Jean Renoir's The River (1951), which he assisted, as influences on his debut film Pather Panchali (1955). Besides the influence of European cinema and Bengali literature, Ray is also indebted to the Indian theatrical tradition, particularly the Rasa method of classical Sanskrit drama. The complicated doctrine of Rasa "centers predominantly on feeling experienced not only by the characters but also conveyed in a certain artistic way to the spectator. The duality of this kind of a rasa imbrication" shows in The Apu Trilogy.[70] Bimal Roy's Two Acres of Land (1953) was also influenced by De Sica's Bicycle Thieves and in turn paved the way for the Indian New Wave, which began around the same time as the French New Wave and the Japanese New Wave.Theatrical Poster Directed by Karan Johar Produced by Hiroo Yash Johar Gauri Khan Written by Story and Screenplay: Shibani Bathija Dialogues: Shibani Bathija Niranjan Iyengar Starring Shahrukh Khan Kajol Music by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy Cinematography Ravi K. Chandran Editing by Deepa Bhatia Studio Imagenation Abu Dhabi Dharma Productions Red Chillies Entertainment Distributed by FOX Star Entertainment Fox Searchlight Pictures (USA) 20th Century Fox (worldwide sales) Release date(s) February, 2010 Running time 161 minutes [1] Country India Language Hindi/Urdu English Budget Rs. 380 million[2] US$ 8.18 million Buyover: Rs. 1 billion US$ 21.53 millionCinema of AssamThe Assamese language film industry traces its origins works s of revolutionary visionary Rupkonwar Jyotiprasad Agarwala, who was also a distinguished poet, playwright, composer and freedom fighter. He was instrumental in the production of the first Assamese film Joymati in 1935, under the banner of Critrakala Movietone. Although the beginning of the 21st century has seen Bollywood-style Assamese movies hitting the screen, the industry has not been able to compete in the market, significantly overshadowed by the larger industries such as Bollywood .Bengali cinemaSatyajit Ray, Bengali filmmaker.Main articles: Bengali cinema and Cinema of West Bengal. The Bengali language cinematic tradition of Tollygunge in West Bengal has had reputable filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak and Mrinal Sen among its most acclaimed.[75] Recent Bengali films that have captured national attention include Rituparno Ghosh's Choker Bali, starring Aishwarya Rai.[76] Bengali filmmaking also includes Bangla science fiction films and films that focus on social issues.[77] In 1993, the Bengali industry's net output was 57 films.The history of cinema in Bengal dates back to the 1890s, when the first "bioscopes" were shown in theatres in Calcutta. Within a decade, the first seeds of the industry was sown by Hiralal Sen, considered a stalwart of Victorian era cinema when he set up the Royal Bioscope Company, producing scenes from the stage productions of a number of popular shows at the [[Star Theatre, Calcutta], Minerva Theatre, Classic Theatre. Following a long gap after Sen's works, Dhirendra Nath Ganguly (Known as D.G) established Indo British Film Co, the first Bengali owned production company, in 1918. However, the first Bengali Feature film, Billwamangal, was produced in 1919, under the banner of Madan Theatre. Bilat Ferat was the IBFC's first production in 1921. The Madan Theatres production of Jamai Shashthi was the first Bengali talkie.[79]In 1932, the name "Tollywood" was coined for the Bengali film industry due to Tollygunge rhyming with "Hollywood" and because it was the center of the Indian film industry at the time. It later inspired the name "Bollywood", as the Mumbai-based industry later overtook Tollygunge as the center of the Indian film industry, and many other Hollywood-inspired names.[80] The 'Parallel Cinema' movement began in the Bengali film industry in the 1950s. A long history has been traversed since then, with stalwarts such as Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Ritwik Ghatak and others having earned international acclaim and securing their place in the history of film.Bhojpuri cinemaBhojpuri language films predominantly cater to people who live in the regions of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh. These films also have a large audience in the cities of Delhi and Mumbai due to migration to these metros from the Bhojpuri speaking region. Besides India, there is a large market for these films in other bhojpuri speaking countries of the West Indies, Oceania, and South America[81]. Bhojpuri language film's history begins in 1962 with the well-received film Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by Kundan Kumar.[82] Throughout the following decades, films were produced only in fits and starts. Films such as Bidesiya ("Foreigner," 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and Ganga ("Ganges," 1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s.The industry experienced a revival in 2001 with the super hit Saiyyan Hamar ("My Sweetheart," directed by Mohan Prasad), which shot the hero of that film, Ravi Kissan, to superstardom.[83] This success was quickly followed by several other remarkably successful films, including Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi ("Priest, tell me when I will marry," 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and Sasura Bada Paisa Wala ("My father-in-law, the rich guy," 2005). In a measure of the Bhojpuri film industry's rise, both of these did much better business in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time, and both films, made on extremely tight budgets, earned back more than ten times their production costs[84]. Although a smaller industry compared to other Indian film industries, the extremely rapid success of their films has led to dramatic increases in Bhojpuri cinema's visibility, and the industry now supports an awards show[85] and a trade magazine, Bhojpuri City[86].Bhojpuri film have got a distuingsed name in whole world. The chief minister of Bihar Mr. Nitish Kumar is going to start a film Industry in Rajgir ( distance from Patna is 80 Km). That film industry will provide job for a lot of people belongs to Bihar and East UP. There are many films in which the bollywood actors such as Amitabh Bachchan, Ajay Deogan, Nagama, Mithun Chakravarti etc worked it and supported to Bhojpuri film industy.........BollywoodNargis and Raj Kapoor in Awaara (1951), also directed and produced by Kapoor.Main article: BollywoodThe Hindi language film industry of Mumbai—also known as Bollywood—is the largest and most popular branch of Indian cinema.[87] The term "Bollywood" is sometimes incorrectly applied to Indian cinema as a whole, especially outside South Asia and the South Asian diaspora.[88] Bollywood initially explored issues of caste and culture in films such as Achhut Kanya (1936) and Sujata (1959).[89] International visibility came to the industry with Raj Kapoor's Awara.[90] Bollywood grew during the 1990s with the release of as many as 215 films in 1991.[11] With Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Bollywood registered its commercial presence in the Western world.[11]In 1995 the Indian economy began showing sustainable annual growth, and Bollywood, as a commercial enterprise, grew at a growth rate of 15% annually.[11] With growth in commercial appeal the earnings of known Bollywood stars such as Shahrukh Khan,Aamir Khan and Hrithik Roshan reached 150 million rupees per film by the year 2010.[12] Female stars such as Madhuri Dixit, too, earned as much as 12.5 million rupees for a film.[11] Many actors signed contracts for simultaneous work in 3–4 films.[12] Institutions such as the Industrial Development Bank of India also came forward to finance Bollywood films.[12] A number of magazines such as Filmfare,Stardust, Cineblitz etc. became popular.[91]Gujarati cinemaThis regional film industry of Gujarat started its journey in 1922. Since then the Gujarati films immensely contributed to the Indian cinema. Gujarati cinema has gained popularity among the regional film industry in India. Gujarati cinema is always based on scripts from mythology to history and social to political. Since its origin Gujarati cinema has experimented with various stories and issues from the Indian society. Furthermore, Gujarat has immense contribution to the Bollywood as several Gujarati actors have brought glamour to the Indian film industry.The scripts and stories dealt in the Gujarati films are intrinsically humane. They include relationship and family oriented subjects with human aspirations and deal with the Indian family culture. Thus, there can be no turning away from the essential humanity of these Gujarati cinema. The first Gujarati movie was released in the year 1932 `Narasinh Mehta` which was directed by Nanubhai Vakil. The film starred Mohanlala, Marutirao, Master Manhar, and Miss Mehtab. It was of the `Saint film` genre and was on the life of the saint Narasinh Mehta who observed a creed that was followed centuries later by Mahatma Gandhi. The film was matchless as it avoided any depiction of miracles. In 1935, another social movie `Ghar Jamai` was released, directed by Homi Master. The film starred Heera, Jamna, Baby Nurjehan, Amoo, Alimiya, Jamshedji, and Gulam Rasool. The film featured a `resident son-in-law` (ghar jamai) and his escapades as well as his problematic attitude towards the freedom of women. It was a comedy oriented movie and was a major success in the industry.Gujarati films thus proceeded with several other important social, political as well as religious issues. The years 1948, 1950, 1968, 1971 moved with a wide variety of dimension. The Gujarati movies such as Kariyavar, directed by Chaturbhuj Doshi, Vadilona Vanke directed by Ramchandra Thakur, Gadano Bel directed by Ratibhai Punatar and Leeludi Dharti, directed by Vallabh Choksi brought immense success to the industry. The problems of modernisation are the underlying concern of several films. The movies like Gadano Bel had a strong realism and reformism.The film industry in Gujarat experimented with various issues. Gujarati films such as Leeludi Dharti reflect the rural world with its fertility rituals. In 1975 Tanariri, directed by Chandrakant Sangani presents highlights the little known side of Akbar who is usually presented as a consistently benign ruler. The first cinemascope film of Gujarati cinema was Sonbaini Chundadi, directed by Girish Manukant released in the year 1976. Besides these, Bhavni Bhavai released in the year 1980 was directed by Ketan Mehta. It boasted of superlative performances, fine camerawork and won two awards - National Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration, and another award at the Nantes festival in France. In 1992, Hun Hunshi Hunshilal, directed by Sanjiv Shah was sought to be post-modern.Gujarati films were further enriched by the brilliant performances of the film personalities. Anupama, Upendra Trivedi, Arvind Trivedi, Ramesh Mehta and Veljibhai Gajjar, Dilip Patel, Ranjitraj, Sohil Virani, Narayan Rajgor, Premshankar Bhatt, Jay Patel, Ashvin Patel, Girija Mitra, Anjana, Manmohan Desai, Sanjay Gadhvi, Kalyanji Anandji, Deepika Chikhalia, Bindu Desai, Renuka Sahane and Priti Parekh are the celebrities who have contributed a lot to the Gujarati film industry.Kannada cinemaA painting of Rajkumar in a streetboard in BangaloreKannada film industry, also known as Sandalwood, is based in Bangalore and caters mostly to the population of state of Karnataka.Dr.Rajkumar is an icon for Kannada film industry. In his career, he performed versatile characters and sung nearly 3000 songs for movies and albums[citation needed]. Some of the noted Kannada directors include Girish Kasaravalli, Puttanna Kanagal, G.V.Iyer, Girish Karnad, T.S. Nagabharana etc. The other popular actors include Vishnuvardhan, Ambarish, Ravichandran, Ramesh, Ananth Nag, Shankar Nag, Prabhakar, Upendra, Sudeep, Darshan, Shivaraj Kumar, Puneet Rajkumar, Kalpana, Bharathi, Jayanthi, Pandari bai, B Sarojadevi, Sudharani, Malashri, Tara, Umashri and Ramya.G.K. Venkatesh, Vijaya Bhaskar, TG lingappa, Rajan-Nagendra, Hamsalekha and Gurukiran are noted music directors.Kannada cinema, along with the Bengali Movies and Malayalam Movies, has contributed to Indian parallel cinema. Some of the influential movies in this genre are Samskara (based on a novel by U R Ananthmurthy), Chomana Dudi by B. V. Karanth, Tabarana Kathe. Samskara, Vamshavruksha, Paniyamma, Kadu Kudure, Hamsageethe, Chomana Dudi, Accident, Ghata Shradhdha, Akramana, Mooru Dhaarigalu, Tabarana Kathe, Bannadha Vesha, Mane, Kraurya, Taayi Saaheba, Dweepa are other acclaimed arthouse movies.Malayalam cinemaAdoor Gopalakrishnan, Malayalam filmmaker.The Malayalam film industry, based in the southern state of Kerala, is known for films that bridge the gap between parallel cinema and mainstream cinema by portraying thought-provoking social issues. Noted filmmakers include Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun, G. Aravindan, Padmarajan, Sathyan Anthikad, Priyadarsan and Sreenivasan.Vigathakumaran, a silent movie released in 1928 produced and directed by J. C. Daniel, marked the beginning of Malayalam cinema. Balan, released in 1938, was the first Malayalam "talkie". Malayalam films were mainly produced by Tamil producers till 1947, when the first major film studio, Udaya, was established in Kerala. In 1954, the film Neelakkuyil captured national interest by winning the President's silver medal. Scripted by the well-known Malayalam novelist, Uroob, and directed by P. Bhaskaran and Ramu Kariat, it is often considered as the first authentic Malayali film[92]. Chemmeen (1965), directed by Ramu Kariat and based on a story by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, went on to become immensely popular, and became the first Malayalam film to win the National Film Award for Best Film[93][94]. This early period of Malayalam cinema was dominated by actors Prem Nazir, Sathyan, Sheela and Sharada.The 70s saw the emergence of 'New Wave Malayalam Cinema'. Adoor Gopalakrishnan captured international acclaim through his debut film Swayamvaram (1972). Other noted movies of the period include Nirmalyam by M. T. Vasudevan Nair, Uttarayanam by G. Aravindan, Cheriachante Krurakrithyangal (1979) and Amma Ariyan (1986) by John Abraham etc.The period from late 1980s to early 1990s is popularly regarded as the 'Golden Age of Malayalam Cinema' with the emergence of actors Mammootty and Mohanlal and filmmakers like I.V. Sasi, Bharathan, Padmarajan, Sathyan Anthikad, Priyadarsan, A. K. Lohithadas, Siddique-Lal and Sreenivasan. This period of popular cinema is characterized by the adaptation of everyday life themes and exploration of social and individual relationships.[95] These movies interlaced themes of individual struggle with creative humour as in Nadodikkattu (1988). Piravi (1989) by Shaji N. Karun was the first Malayalam film to win the Caméra d'Or-Mention at the Cannes Film Festival. This period also marked the beginning of movies rich in well-crafted humour like Ramji Rao Speaking (1989).During late 1990s and 2000s, Malayalam cinema witnessed a shift towards formulaic movies and slapstick comedies. The Malayalam film industry in recent times has also been affected by the rise of satellite television and widespread film piracy.Marathi cinemaSome of the earliest Indian filmmakers, such as Dadasaheb Phalke belonged to the state of Maharashtra, which is where Marathi cinema finds its audience.[96] Marathi cinema is marked by escapist trends which tend to cater to the common moviegoers and provide affordable entertainment.[96] Art cinema finds proponents in Jabbar Patel, Amol Palekar etc.[97] In 1993 the Marathi industry's net output was 35 films.[78] However, this number declined to 25 in 1994 and finally to as low as 10 films per year in 1996.[97]Oriya cinemaThe Oriya Film Industry refers to the Bhubaneswar and Cuttack based Oriya language film industry. Sometimes called Ollywood a portmanteau of the words Oriya and Hollywood, although the origins of the name are disputed.[98] The first Oriya talkie Sita Bibaha was made by Mohan Sunder Deb Goswami in 1936. Mohammed Mohsin started the revolution in the oriya film industry by not only securing the essence of the oriya culture but also bringing in the newness in the was the film industry was watching oriya movies. His movies heralded in the golden era of the oriya film industry by bringing in freshness to Oriya movies.[99] then 1st color film was made by a legend cinematographer Mr. Surendra Sahu.named " A Banara Chhai" Shadow of this forest.Punjabi cinemaK.D. Mehra made the first Punjabi film Sheila (also known as Pind di Kudi). Baby Noor Jehan was introduced as an actress and singer in this film. Sheila was made in Calcutta and released in Lahore, the capital of Punjab; it ran very successfully and was a hit across the province. Due to the success of this first film many more producers started making Punjabi films. As of 2009, Punjabi cinema has produced between 900 and 1,000 movies. The average number of releases per year in the 1970s was nine; in the 1980s, eight; and in the 1990s, six. In 1995, the number of films released was 11; it plummeted to seven in 1996 and touched a low of five in 1997. Since 2000s the Punjabi cinema has seen a revival with more releases every year featuring bigger budgets, home grown stars as well as bollywood actors of Punjabi descent taking part.Tamil cinemaKamalhassan and Amala in the poster of Pushpak,a black comedy film directed by Singeetham Srinivasa RaoThe Tamil language film industry, known as Tamil cinema, is one of the largest film industries in India in terms of quality and technology, and is based in the Kodambakkam district of Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Tamil films are screened by the Tamil diaspora all over the world and people of all states of South India. Tamil films have good portrayal of Tamil culture which has subdued sexual expressions and moderate glamour, unlike its northern counterpart.[100] Tamil cinema has been a force in the local politics of the Tamil Nadu state with some of the industry's personalities, such as M. G. Ramachandran, M. Karunanidhi, and J. Jayalalitha, having held political offices.[101] With the establishment of the Madras film Institute the quality of Tamil cinema improved during the 1980s and it further gained international exposure with the works of filmmakers like Mani Ratnam.Today, Tamil films are distributed to various theatres around the world such as in Sri Lanka, Singapore, South Korea, Malayasia, Mauritius, South Africa, Western Europe, North America, and other significant Tamil diaspora regions.[102] In 1993 the Tamil industry's net output was 168 films.[78] Tamil stars such as Kamal Hassan earning the most National Film Awards and Filmfare Awards, and also has the distinction of being the actor with the most number of films submitted by India in contest for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and Rajinikanth has hugest fans and the most popular and the highest paid actor in India .[102] Great music directors like Ilaiyaraja, A.R.Rahman are from Tamil film Industries.Geners and stylesMasala filmsMasala is a style of Indian cinema, especially in Bollywood and South Indian films, in which there is a mix of various genres in one film. For example, a film can portray action, comedy, drama, romance and melodrama all together. Many of these films also tend to be musicals, including songs filmed in picturesque locations, which is now very common in Bollywood films. Plots for such movies may seem illogical and improbable to unfamiliar viewers. The genre is named after the masala, a term used to describe a mixture of spices in Indian cuisine.Parallel cinemaParallel Cinema, also known as Art Cinema or the Indian New Wave, is a specific movement in Indian cinema, known for its serious content, realism and naturalism, with a keen eye on the social-political climate of the times. This movement is distinct from mainstream Bollywood cinema and began around the same time as the French New Wave and Japanese New Wave. The movement was initially led by Bengali cinema (which has produced internationally acclaimed filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Ritwik Ghatak, and others) and then gained prominence in the other film industries of India. Some of the films in this movement have garnered commercial success, successfully stradling art and commercial cinema. An early example of this was Bimal Roy's Two Acres of Land (1953), which was both a commercial success and a critical success, winning the International Prize at the 1954 Cannes Film Festival. The film's success paved the way for the Indian New Wave.[2][3][105]The most famous Indian "neo-realist" was the Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray, closely followed by Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Shyam Benegal, Adoor Gopalakrishnan[26] and Girish Kasaravalli.[100] Ray's most famous films were The Apu Trilogy, consisting of Pather Panchali (1955), Aparajito (1956) and The World of Apu (1959). The three films won major prizes at the Cannes, Berlin and Venice Film Festivals, and are frequently listed among the greatest films of all time.[53][54][106][107]Film musicMusic in Indian cinema is a substantial revenue generator, with the music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India.[12] The major film music companies of India are Saregama, Sony Music etc.[12] Commercially, film music accounts for 48% India's net music sales.[12] A film in India may have many choreographed songs spread throughout its length.[108]The demands of a multicultural, increasingly globalized Indian audience often led to a mixing of various local and international musical traditions.[108] Local dance and music nevertheless remain a time tested and recurring theme in India and have made their way outside of India's borders with its diaspora.[108] Playback singers such as Lata Mangeshkar drew large crowds with national and international film music stage shows.[108] The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 21st saw extensive interaction between artists from India and the western world.[109] Artists from Indian diaspora blended the traditions of their heritage to those of their country to give rise rise to popular contemporary music.[109]Global discourseIndians during the colonial rule bought film equipment from Europe. The British funded wartime propaganda films during the second world war, some of which showed the Indian army pitted against the axis powers, specifically the Empire of Japan, which had managed to infiltrate into India. One such story was Burma Rani, which depicted civilian resistance offered to Japanese occupation by the British and Indians present in Myanmar. Pre-independence businessmen such as J. F. Madan and Abdulally Esoofally traded in global cinema.Indian cinema's early contacts with other regions became visible with its films making early inroads into the Soviet Union, Middle East, Southeast Asia,[111] and China. Mainstream Hindi film stars like Raj Kapoor gained international fame across Asia[112][113] and Eastern Europe.[114][115] Indian films also appeared in international fora and film festivals.[111] This allowed 'Parallel' Bengali filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray to achieve worldwide fame, with his films gaining success among European, American and Asian audiences.[116] Ray's work subsequently had a worldwide impact, with filmmakers such as Martin Scorsese,[117] James Ivory,[118] Abbas Kiarostami, Elia Kazan, François Truffaut,[119] Steven Spielberg,[38][39][40] Carlos Saura,[120] Jean-Luc Godard,[121] Isao Takahata,[122] Gregory Nava, Ira Sachs and Wes Anderson[123] being influenced by his cinematic style, and many others such as Akira Kurosawa praising his work.[124] The "youthful coming-of-age dramas that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy".[35] Subrata Mitra's cinematographic technique of bounce lighting also originates from The Apu Trilogy.[36] Since the 1980s, some previously overlooked Indian filmmakers such as Ritwik Ghatak [125] and Guru Dutt [126] have posthumously gained international acclaim.Many Asian and 'Third World' countries increasingly came to find Indian cinema as more suited to their sensibilities than Western cinema.[111] Jigna Desai holds that by the 21st century Indian cinema had managed to become 'deterritorialized', spreading over to the many parts of the world where Indian diaspora was present in significant numbers, and becoming an alternative to other international cinema.[127]Indian cinema has more recently begun influencing Western musical films, and played a particularly instrumental role in the revival of the genre in the Western world. Baz Luhrmann stated that his successful musical film Moulin Rouge! (2001) was directly inspired by Bollywood musicals.[128] The critical and financial success of Moulin Rouge! renewed interest in the then-moribund Western musical genre, subsequently fueling a renaissance of the genre.[129] Danny Boyle's Oscar-winning film Slumdog Millionaire (2008) was also directly inspired by Indian films,[57][130] and is considered to be a "homage to Hindi commercial cinema".[31] Other Indian filmmakers are also making attempts at reaching a more global audience, with upcoming films by directors such as Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Jahnu Barua, Sudhir Mishra and Pan Nalin.[131]
Business Travel: Making it More Personal
India Travel Guide and Travel Tips for India Tourism
When you plan to travel to India make sure that India is different place on earth and before you travel to India, you should pack up well with the items that you need. Medicines are very important that you should take with you before you travel to India. Take a pack of those medicines which you think you will not found in India. Almost all the medicines are available in India but some are not original so you should keep in mind that those medicines that are important to you should be in your first aid box.
When you come to India, you should buy the India travel guide and I will suggest you that before leaving your home or planning your holiday in India, you must see the India travel guide books and websites. This will help you to locate and explore India easily and you can enjoy more while Indian tourism. But if you forgot to have an India travel guide then you should buy it at once after you stop at the air port. Hiring travel guide is good option but you should have the knowledge of prices and rates of the things you want to buy from India and the places you want to stay like hotels, restaurants or rental houses. You can find the information in travel to India guide. India is amazing place to see if you come with all preparations. When you are packing your luggage make sure that you put summer and winter clothes because in Indian tourism, you will find places where there is extremely hot and extremely cold weathers. The clothes will protect you in the seasons and you will not bother about buying new clothes form India.
Another important thing that can help you while travel to India. Before you come to India, try to learn Hindi words or vocabulary the regional language of India because many people are ignorant and they have no idea about English or your mother tongue. So you should try to learn some important words that you think will help you while you travel to India.
Your guides can help you to learn Hindi in Indian tourism but it is better to have knowledge before you get at the destination. India is a huge country and in this big country the cultures are blended together. People of different cultures and religions live together. The main four religions are Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhs and christens. What is important for you while you travel to India is to respect their religions and cultures and never do such things that can irritate people. The information about religions and cultures are mentioned in India travel guide. You should learn them and follow their cultures when you are dealing with societies of different cultures.
These are some important tips that you should keep in mind in India tourism. These things will help you and make your travel to India pleasurable and pleasant. Now you can come to India and enjoy your vacations
Business Travel: Making it More Personal
When your office sends you to another city, state, or country for official business travel, you initially feel excited. For some, it's an opportunity to go to a place that they've never been to. For the frequent traveller, a business trip is a chance to explore a certain destination more. Excitement really sets in especially that you virtually don't have to spend a dime for that travel. On the other hand, a business travel can be a source of stress. It's tiring enough to get on board a plane and endure a long flight. How much more if you are pressured at finishing an important presentation? The worst part is, in business travel, you don't own your time fully. Your schedule is bombarded by meetings, client presentations, and even trainings and seminars. So how do you make a business travel less stressful - and consequently more personal? Is it possible to still find time for personal leisure in a company-initiated trip? The answer is yes. Here are a few pointers:
Use a large wallet that can keep all your receipts, your passport, and your passport together. In a business trip, you need to liquidate your expenses. As such, you need to keep your receipts as your Accounting Department would require a copy of those. To avoid having problems come liquidation time, make sure that you keep all your receipts together. Better yet, regularly list your expenses. This saves you time and stress once you get back to your office. Keeping all these valuable documents in one place also keeps your head organized. You only have one wallet to worry about. So you don't need to spend hours rummaging your bag for that single receipt. You can use this time to do the things that you want to do instead.
2. Avoid working during the flight.
If you are sent to another state to give a presentation, then finish your materials before getting on that plane. As much as possible, have everything ready before leaving the office. This way, you can spend time reading or catching up on your favorite movies during the entire flight. This also allows you to have some rest prior to that important meeting, conference or presentation. 3. Make use of free internet messaging services. Now that you are in another place, all the more that you have to keep in touch with your colleagues and family. If you are travelling outside of the country, you would be spending tons of money for telephone bills alone because roaming charges are a lot higher. To avoid this, make use of internet-based telephony services. You can check out Yahoo Messenger or Skype for this purpose. By using these services, you will not only be given the chance to talk to your colleagues for hours, but you'll also be able to contact your family as well. So you can tell your wife or your girlfriend how your day was without necessarily worrying about the telephone charges. Not all people are chosen to represent their company. Not all people are given the chance for a business travel. If you are one of the lucky and worthy ones, grab the opportunity. Make the most out of it. Don't let office work and pressure keep you from enjoying your time in another place. Always find a way to have quality personal time during a business trip.
Monday, April 5, 2010
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